How did *D. crocata* achieve its circumglobal distribution in temperate regions outside its native area?
Answer
Introduction likely aided by human shipping or trade activities
While the native range of *Dysdera crocata* is generally believed to be centered in Europe and the Mediterranean region, its presence across continents like North America, Australia, and New Zealand resulted from introduction. This global dispersal was most likely facilitated accidentally through human commerce, such as the transportation of cargo or soil via shipping activities. This established presence in non-native environments demonstrates an evolutionary hardiness, enabling survival during transport and subsequent establishment in new ecosystems, often without facing native competitors or specialized predators.
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