How do hognoses inject mild venom secretions into their preferred prey?

Answer

Using small, rear-positioned fangs used to inject secretions from enlarged Duvernoy's glands.

The Western Hognose possesses a specialized, though mild, venom delivery system that is crucial for subduing its primary food sources, particularly toads. This system is characterized by small fangs that are positioned towards the rear of the mouth. These specialized structures are responsible for injecting secretions derived from enlarged Duvernoy's glands. While this venom is generally not medically significant to humans, it is highly effective in neutralizing amphibians that might otherwise be toxic or physically challenging for the snake to consume safely, representing a specific chemical defense mechanism evolved for trophic specialization.

How do hognoses inject mild venom secretions into their preferred prey?
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