Besides twigs and grass, what binding material might be incorporated into the bulky cup nest structure of the Western Kingbird?

Answer

Mud

The construction of the Western Kingbird nest results in a bulky cup shape, which requires various materials for structural integrity and lining. The primary building components include twigs and grass interwoven together. To help bind these materials and provide necessary stability, especially given that nests are placed in exposed locations like tree branches or posts, the birds may incorporate mud into the structure. While the interior lining is composed of softer elements such as fine plant fibers or feathers, mud serves as a key binding agent for the main body of the nest cup itself.

Besides twigs and grass, what binding material might be incorporated into the bulky cup nest structure of the Western Kingbird?
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