What visible sign confirms that parasitoid wasps, such as those in Braconidae, are controlling *A. nerii*?

Answer

The appearance of darkened, swollen, or mummified aphids

A key indicator of successful biological control exerted by parasitoids, particularly wasps belonging to the family Braconidae, involves distinct physical changes in the infested aphids. When these wasps lay their eggs inside the soft bodies of the aphids, the developing wasp larva consumes the host internally. Upon maturation, the wasp pupates, causing the aphid's body to change appearance dramatically. Affected aphids become visibly darkened, often appearing swollen or rigid, eventually resulting in a 'mummified' state. Monitoring for these mummies provides direct evidence that natural enemies are active and successfully modulating the yellow aphid population.

What visible sign confirms that parasitoid wasps, such as those in Braconidae, are controlling *A. nerii*?
insectclassificationpestyellowAphid