What factors are considered probable contributors to the extinction of the mainland woolly mammoth populations?

Habitat contraction due to climate change and predation by human hunters

Assessing the final decline of the mainland woolly mammoth populations involves weighing two major environmental shifts occurring near the end of their reign. The rapid warming trend fundamentally altered the landscape by causing the mammoth steppe—their essential food source—to contract, transforming into less productive environments like dense boreal forests or swampy tundra. Simultaneously, the arrival and spread of modern humans across their range introduced significant, sustained hunting pressure. It is likely that the combination of these two insurmountable factors—habitat loss and increased predation—led to the disappearance of the main continental groups around 10,000 years ago.