How many separate hosts are required for the *Dermacentor variabilis* three-stage life cycle to complete development?
Answer
Three hosts, one for each stage (larva, nymph, adult)
The life cycle of the *Dermacentor variabilis* is characterized as a three-host cycle. This designation means that each of the three developmental stages—larva, nymph, and adult—must obtain a separate blood meal from a distinct host organism before it can successfully molt and advance to the next phase. This multi-host requirement contributes significantly to the species' environmental longevity, as the entire process from egg to reproducing adult can extend over a period of up to two years, allowing opportunities for encounters with various animals along the way.

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