What two primary chemical and physical defensive tactics does *R. humilis* employ when disturbed or captured?

Violent writhing combined with releasing foul-smelling secretions from cloacal glands

When physically threatened, *Rena humilis*, despite its small size, employs an active defensive sequence that utilizes both motion and chemical deterrents. Physically, the snake will engage in violent writhing movements, which can startle a potential predator. Simultaneously, or as a separate tactic, it deploys chemical defenses by releasing foul-smelling secretions or musk from its cloacal scent glands. This musk acts as a significant deterrent. Furthermore, even when dealing with its primary food source, ants, it uses this discharge to repel attackers while physically manipulating its scales to prevent successful gripping, demonstrating a multifaceted, successful strategy for escape and survival underground.