Which two specific plant species are Willow Flycatchers strongly associated with in California's moist, dense thickets?

Answer

Willows and alders.

The identification of specific dominant vegetation is key to understanding the flycatcher's habitat requirements, although the general necessity is always dense, water-adjacent shrubbery. In the context of California, where moisture availability supports lush growth, the bird's association is explicitly detailed with thickets comprised of willows and alders. These two genera provide the necessary dense, vertical structure that the flycatchers utilize for foraging perches, territorial displays, and, most importantly, the concealment needed to safely construct and protect their nests from predators throughout the breeding season.

Which two specific plant species are Willow Flycatchers strongly associated with in California's moist, dense thickets?
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