What is the widely believed evolutionary purpose of the fleshy protrusions, the "warts," on the warthog's face?

Serving as protective padding during fights over females or territory

The facial warts, which give the warthog its common name, are thought by researchers to serve a protective function stemming from selection pressures related to intraspecific combat. These growths consist of thick, tough connective tissue and cartilage. Since they are substantially larger in males, this strongly suggests a role in conflict resolution or display, particularly during fights centered around access to females or the defense of prime territory. The cushioning provided by these robust structures is believed to absorb significant impacts, thereby safeguarding the animal's more vulnerable areas, such as the eyes and snout, from serious injury during aggressive encounters.