Which sex of B. fernaldii undertakes the risky business of nest invasion?

Answer

The queen

The entire reproductive cycle of *B. fernaldii* is structured around social parasitism, and only the queen engages in the perilous task of infiltrating an established nest of a suitable host species. Males do not participate in nest usurpation or provisioning, and workers are rarely seen outside the host nest where they mimic the host's workers. The queen must successfully invade early in the season to secure the resources necessary for her parasitic lineage to thrive during that year.

Which sex of B. fernaldii undertakes the risky business of nest invasion?
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