What mechanical action is responsible for ejecting the toxic liquid from the fangs of *Naja nigricincta*?
Answer
Forceful contraction of muscles surrounding the venom glands
The effectiveness of the spitting defense mechanism relies on a precise mechanical process centered in the head structure. The venom is ejected not by passive means, but through the snake forcefully contracting the specialized musculature that encases its venom glands. This powerful contraction pressurizes the toxic liquid, forcing it out through small openings located forward on the hollow fang tips, allowing for accurate deployment toward a perceived threat at a distance without requiring a physical strike.
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Zebra Cobra (Naja nigricincta nigricincta) - Namibia - YouTube
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