What specific appearance marker reliably indicates the sex of the Cabbage White (Pieris rapae) on the upper side of the forewing?

Answer

The number of black spots (one for male, two for female)

The number of dark spots visible on the upper side of the forewing serves as a reliable quick-reference key for determining the sex of the Cabbage White, scientifically designated as Pieris rapae. Males of this species typically exhibit only a single black spot on each forewing. In contrast, the female Cabbage White possesses two black spots on the same location on each forewing. While this method is excellent for identifying P. rapae, relying solely on this count can be less effective when distinguishing it from the Large White, which tends to have much larger and more defined black markings near the wing tips.

What specific appearance marker reliably indicates the sex of the Cabbage White (Pieris rapae) on the upper side of the forewing?
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