What protected the dorsal side of *Wiwaxia corrugata* against early predators?

Numerous blade-like scales or sclerites interspersed with larger, cone-shaped spines.

The dorsal side of *Wiwaxia corrugata* was characterized by a complex, overlapping arrangement of protective structures. These included countless small, blade-like scales, frequently described as sclerites, which formed a shingled, flexible armor across the back. Furthermore, interspersed among these general scales, especially along the midline, were larger, more prominent cone-shaped spines that projected upward, giving the animal a spiky or bristly appearance. This system provided robust defense against predation by covering the vulnerable upper surface with numerous individual pieces of integumentary armor, a strategy distinct from organisms relying on a single, unified shell or carapace.