What specific behavior indicates a solitary wasp is using its sting offensively rather than defensively?

Answer

The sting is used offensively as a means of paralyzing prey that will subsequently be used to provision the wasp’s developing offspring.

The function of the stinger differs significantly between social and solitary wasps regarding context. Social wasps generally employ their venom apparatus defensively, primarily when their established nest structure or immediate surroundings are threatened. In contrast, solitary wasps frequently utilize their sting as a tool for resource acquisition. This offensive use is specifically aimed at insects or spiders, which are paralyzed but kept alive using the venom. This immobilized prey serves as the necessary, high-protein food source that the solitary female provisions for her own larvae before she perishes.

What specific behavior indicates a solitary wasp is using its sting offensively rather than defensively?

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