For the highly migratory *Z. l. gambelii*, which principle dominated the rangewide pattern of genetic structure?
Answer
Isolation by Distance (IBD)
The pattern of genetic differentiation was analyzed using two models: Isolation by Distance (IBD) and Isolation by Resistance (IBR). For *Z. l. gambelii*, which is described as a "spatial opportunist" due to its broad migratory movements across a generally suitable landscape, the rangewide pattern was predominantly explained by IBD. This means that genetic divergence was primarily correlated with the geographic separation between populations, reflecting unrestricted movement across the landscape matrix.
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