What is the typical elevation range utilized by the wild yak (*Bos grunniens*)?

Generally between 3,000 and 5,500 meters above sea level.

The wild yak, scientifically known as *Bos grunniens*, occupies remote and often inaccessible areas historically located above the tree line. The specific altitudinal band where these hardy bovines are typically found ranges from 3,000 meters up to 5,500 meters above sea level. This elevation is critical because it defines the harsh, cold, and arid environment characterized by low oxygen levels to which they are uniquely adapted. While domesticated yaks occupy similar broad areas, the true wild populations are constrained to these high-altitude niches for survival.