What environmental pressures significantly reduce the potential lifespan of Lophius piscatorius in shallower waters?
Answer
Heavy fishing and catching of juveniles before maturity
While deep-sea dwellers face challenges related to resource scarcity, the shallower-dwelling *Lophius piscatorius* faces severe anthropogenic pressures that drastically reduce their potential lifespan. Because these bottom-dwelling fish inhabit commercially accessible waters, they are subject to intense human interaction, specifically being heavily fished due to their market value, leading to high harvest rates. Furthermore, the practice of catching their juvenile stages before they have a chance to reach sexual maturity compounds the population stress, significantly lowering the actual lifespan observed compared to the maximum biological potential.
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