Which skeletal features form the internal grinding mechanism inside the esophagus of *D. scabra*?

Answer

Elongated, projecting neural spines on vertebrae

The extraordinary mechanism *Dasypeltis scabra* uses to handle the hard calcium carbonate shell involves unique skeletal modifications within its neck and esophagus. Specifically, the dorsal spines, known as neural spines, located on the cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae, are greatly elongated and project forward. These backward-curving bony projections line the interior wall of the esophagus. When the snake contracts powerful muscles around a swallowed egg, the shell is forced against these sharp vertebral projections, effectively crushing the shell internally through skeletal leverage, acting as a specialized grinder.

Which skeletal features form the internal grinding mechanism inside the esophagus of *D. scabra*?

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