How do penguin flippers generate underwater propulsion compared to flying birds?
Answer
Propulsion is achieved from both the downstroke and the upstroke.
Unlike flying birds where propulsion is primarily generated during the downstroke, penguin flippers are modified so powerfully that they generate thrust during both the downward sweep and the upward recovery sweep through the water. This requires immense power supplied by their strong chest and back muscles. The skeletal structure reflects this need, featuring flattened, fused, and dense bones that lack the necessary air pockets for aerial lift, making the flippers specialized for continuous underwater movement rather than flight.
Related Questions
What physical advantage does the Emperor penguin's sheer bulk provide in cold climates?How do penguin flippers generate underwater propulsion compared to flying birds?What mechanism allows penguins to drink seawater efficiently?What does the term fusiform describe regarding the penguin's body shape?What specific adaptation do King penguins have for managing intense sunlight?What characteristic defines the Banded Group (*Spheniscus*) of penguins?Why are penguin legs set far back on their body in terms of terrestrial motion?Which structural adaptation aids Antarctic penguins like the Adélie in preventing freezing in extremities?What feature equips the inside of a penguin's mouth to secure slippery prey?What is the primary purpose of the uropygial gland secretion during penguin preening?