Besides the mother, who frequently participates in carrying Emperor Tamarin infants?

The father and older siblings

Emperor Tamarins exhibit a strong cooperative breeding system typical of many callitrichids, which significantly enhances offspring survival rates in their challenging Amazonian environment. While the birth responsibility lies solely with the mother, the burden of care, especially transportation, is widely shared among the family unit. Following birth, the father and older siblings actively participate in infant care, frequently taking turns carrying the young, often positioning them on their backs. This communal strategy ensures the infants are cared for while the mother can recover and forage, maximizing the group's efficiency and the offspring's chances of survival through diligent, shared vigilance and provisioning.