What was the likely purpose of the unique cranial ornamentation on Xenoceratops?
Answer
Species recognition, defense against giant predators, or courtship displays
The unique and sometimes bizarre cranial ornamentation found on Xenoceratops, such as the large spikes on its frill and the two prominent brow horns, were likely functional for reasons other than direct feeding. Because the primary work of acquiring calories was handled by the beak structure, these impressive features are theorized to have served social and defensive roles. These roles include facilitating species recognition among its kind, providing defense against large predators related to Tyrannosaurus rex, or being utilized in courtship displays during mating seasons. They were not indicators of sustenance acquisition.
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