What causes the appearance of a large, intimidating cloud of activity near ground nests?

Answer

The visible activity from a large number of emerging and returning insects

A large number of nests concentrated in a high-traffic area leads to a visible cloud of activity as insects emerge and return, which can appear intimidating even though the individuals are harmless unless provoked.

What causes the appearance of a large, intimidating cloud of activity near ground nests?
behavioranimalinsectbeeaggressiveness