What specific structural feature is required in earthen banks for Belted Kingfisher successful breeding?

Answer

The stability to support long tunnels excavated up to six feet deep

Successful reproduction for the Belted Kingfisher is intrinsically linked to their nesting habits, which require specific geological features. They are characterized as 'bank birds' because they excavate tunnels directly into vertical earthen banks, such as cliffs, drainage ditches, or sand pits. These tunnels can extend impressively far, sometimes reaching lengths of up to six feet into the bank substrate. Therefore, the bank must possess the necessary stability and vertical exposure to allow for the excavation and maintenance of these deep nesting burrows, which is why highly developed or heavily vegetated floodplains lacking exposed soil are deemed unsuitable for reproduction.

What specific structural feature is required in earthen banks for Belted Kingfisher successful breeding?
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