How is the stud fee generally structured in relation to the total sale price of one puppy when the bitch owner bears most risks?

Answer

It is frequently structured to be significantly less than the total sale price of one puppy

The flat fee is typically less than the total sale price of one puppy because the bitch owner shoulders the majority of immediate expenses and risks associated with gestation, whelping, and raising the entire litter.

How is the stud fee generally structured in relation to the total sale price of one puppy when the bitch owner bears most risks?
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