What substantial investment by reputable breeders is reflected in a higher puppy price due to screening overhead?

Answer

Screening for hip/elbow dysplasia and eye conditions, often involving OFA certifications

Reputable breeders invest substantially in screening their breeding stock for ailments like hip and elbow dysplasia and various eye conditions, which involves overhead reflected in the price, such as OFA certifications.

What substantial investment by reputable breeders is reflected in a higher puppy price due to screening overhead?
costDogcreampuppyGolden Retriever